波纹管的主要特性（刚度和工作应力）取决于波纹管的几何尺寸

波纹管的主要特性（刚度和工作应力）取决于波纹管的几何形状

波纹管壁厚是一个重要的几何参数。波纹管的主要特性（刚度和工作应力）取决于波纹管的几何尺寸，特别是壁厚。如果波纹管内径过薄，必须控制在0.0006～1000mm范围内。因此，各种波纹管必须根据具体的使用条件和性能要求，以及内径与壁厚的对应关系，选择合理的壁厚。在设计高压波纹管时，为了降低波纹管的刚度和应力，有必要设计多层波纹管，但多层波纹管的总壁厚与内径之比一般不大于0.05。

3） 波形

波纹管的型式是指波纹管沿轴向切割后的型式和形状。波纹管的形状影响波纹管的刚度、位移和承载能力。根据波形可分为U型、C型、S型、V型和Ω型。

4） 波距和波厚

波距是波纹管及其波结构的重要参数，影响波纹管的有效长度和性能。波距随内径的增大而增大，波距占内径的百分比随内径的增大而减小。由于很难形成小内径波纹管，因此波距与内径之比应较大。

波纹管的波厚是指外波纹部分在轴向平面上的最大宽度。确定波距后，波厚直接影响波角、波峰、波谷的圆角半径。在确定波距和波厚时，不仅要确定波角，还要确定波峰和波谷处的图形角半径。

5） 波纹数和有效长度

波纹管波纹部分的总轴向长度称为波纹管的有效长度，或波纹管的工作长度。波纹数和有效长度是两个密切相关的参数。为保证波纹管的可靠稳定性，有效长度与外径的关系应小于或等于1.3。

如果需要较长的有效长度，可以将两个或两个以上的波纹管焊接在一起形成一个长波纹管，也可以采用单波连续成形直接形成长波纹管。对于除金属软管外的长波纹管，为了保证其结构的稳定性，必须在波纹管内外设置导向件。

The wall thickness of bellows is an important geometric parameter. The main characteristics (stiffness and working stress) of bellows depend on the geometric size of bellows, especially on its wall thickness. If the inner diameter of the bellows is too thin, it must be controlled in the range of 0.0006 ~ 1000mm. Therefore, all kinds of bellows must choose reasonable wall thickness according to the specific service conditions and performance requirements and the corresponding relationship between inner diameter and wall thickness. When designing high-pressure bellows, in order to reduce the stiffness and stress of bellows, it is necessary to design multi-layer bellows, but the ratio of total wall thickness to inner diameter of multi-layer bellows is generally not greater than 0.05.

3) Wave pattern

Wave type refers to the type and shape of the bellows after being cut along the axial direction. The shape of the bellows affects the stiffness, displacement and bearing capacity of the bellows. According to the shape of the wave, it can be divided into U-type, C-type, S-type, V-type and Ω type.

4) Wave distance and wave thickness

Wave distance is an important parameter of bellows and its wave structure, which affects the effective length and performance of bellows. The variation trend of wave distance increases with the increase of inner diameter, and the percentage of wave distance in inner diameter decreases with the increase of inner diameter. Because it is difficult to form bellows with small inner diameter, the ratio of wave distance to inner diameter should be larger.

The wave thickness of bellows refers to the maximum width on the axial plane of the outer corrugated part. After the wave distance is determined, the wave thickness directly affects the fillet radius of the wave angle, wave crest and wave trough. When the wave distance and wave thickness are determined, not only the wave angle is determined, but also the graph angle radius at the peak and trough is determined.

5) Ripple number and effective length

The total axial length of the corrugated part of the bellows is called the effective length of the bellows, or the working length of the bellows. The number of corrugations and the effective length are two closely related parameters. In order to ensure the reliable stability of bellows, the relationship between effective length and outer diameter should be less than or equal to 1.3.

If a long effective length is needed, two or more bellows can be welded together to form a long bellows, or the long bellows can be directly formed by single wave continuous forming. For long bellows except metal hose, in order to ensure its structural stability, guide parts must be set inside or outside the bellows.

波纹管壁厚是一个重要的几何参数，波纹管的主要特性（刚度和工作应力）取决于波纹管的几何尺寸，特别是取决于它的壁厚。波纹管的壁厚与内径有一定的比例关系，对于内径φ10~1000mm的波纹管，壁厚与内径的比值一般控制在0.0006~0.05；如果太厚，其柔软性必定很差；如果太薄，其承压能力受到限制。因此，各种波纹管必须根据具体的使用条件和性能要求，按照内径与壁厚的相应关系，选择合理的壁厚。在设计高压波纹管的时候，为了降低波纹管的刚度和应力，需要设计多层结构的波纹管，但是多层波纹管的总壁厚与内径之比一般也不得大于0.05。

3）波型

波型是指沿着轴向剖开后的波纹型式和形状，波纹管的波纹形状影响着波纹管的刚度、位移和承压能力。按几何形状波型可分为U 型、C 型、S 型、V 型Ω型等。

4）波距和波厚

波距是波纹管及其波型结构的重要参数，影响波纹管的有效长度和性能。波距的变化趋势是随内径的增加而增加，波距占内径的百分比则随内径的增加而减小。因为内径小的波纹管成型困难，波距占内径的百分比应大些。

波纹管波厚是指外波纹部分轴向面上的最大宽度，在波距决定以后，波厚就直接影响波形角、波峰和波谷的圆角半径。当波距和波厚确定后，不仅波形角已确定，波峰、波谷处的图角半径也就确定了。

5）波纹数和有效长度

波纹管波纹部分的轴向总长度称波纹管的有效长度，或称波纹管的工作长度。波纹数和有效长度是紧密相关的两个参数。为了保证波纹管工作时有可靠的稳定性，有效长度与外径之间的关系应小于等于1.3。

如果需要长的有效长度，可以用两个或两个以上的波纹管焊接起来，接成长的波纹管，也可以采用单波连续成形等方法直接成形长的波纹管。对除金属软管之外的长波纹管，为了保证其结构稳定性，必须在波纹管的内部或外部设置导向零件。